However, there are also census tracts that run counter to these typical patterns. That is, there are census tracts with life expectancy estimates in the top quintile statewide that have relatively low incomes and a high level of racial and ethnic diversity. Examining the geospacial distribution of these census tracts across the Bronx may provide insight into the mechanisms influencing their better-than-predicted life expectancy.
Census tracts and are located within the Kingsbridge neighborhood of the northwest Bronx. It is possible that the longer life expectancies of Kingsbridge residents may be in part influenced by their proximity to more advantaged SES neighborhoods. For example, the higher-income neighborhoods may be able to secure greater investments in parks, schools, and public infrastructure e.
Although prior research has shown that spillover effects on mortality rates are possible from SES and social capital e. Census tracts Unlike the Kingsbridge census tracts, the Concourse Village neighborhoods are surrounded by census tracts in the lowest quintiles of life expectancy.
Hence, it is unlikely they benefit from positive externalities from more socioeconomically advantaged neighbors. Rather, these census tracts provide evidence that factors beyond socioeconomic status may significantly influence life expectancy. Existing literature points to several factors that may contribute to these higher life expectancies.
One study finds that geographic variation in life expectancy for low-income populations is more highly correlated with health behaviors particularly those related to smoking, weight, and physical activity than any other factors, including access to medical care, physical environmental factors, income inequality, or labor market conditions.
Some of this variation can be explained by demographic and socioeconomic factors. For example, research has long shown that areas with higher household incomes benefit from increased life expectancy. However, some neighborhoods, like those examined in the Bronx, have high estimated life expectancies despite having a lower socioeconomic status and greater racial and ethnic diversity.
The geospatial distribution of these neighborhoods suggests that some may be affected by their proximity to more advantaged areas and some may possess intrinsic factors that positively influence longevity. It is critical to study these influences upon life expectancy to achieve a future where all New Yorkers enjoy the same longevity. Considering the importance of life expectancy as an indicator of the quality of life and health of communities, it is important for public health officials to track and publish the impact of the COVID pandemic on life expectancy at the neighborhood level.
The data used for the analysis are part of the U. The data are available at:. The USALEEP project produced estimates of life expectancy at birth—the average number of years a person can expect to live—for most of the census tracts in the United States for the period — Our analysis focuses on the 4, census tracts with available data in New York. Full documentation on how the life expectancy estimates are developed are available at:. Census tracts used for the analysis were categorized by their degree of urbanization and adjacency to a metro area using the U.
To better identify trends in New York State, the codes were collapsed into 5 categories for analysis. ADI is a composite measure of the socioeconomic status of an area that includes factors for the theoretical domains of income, education, employment, and housing quality. CBGs are the smallest census geographic area that encompasses the nation, and are typically bounded by visible features such as roads, streams, and railroad tracks, and by nonvisible boundaries such as property lines, city, township, school district, county limits, and short line-of-sight extensions of roads.
A national calculation shows how each CBG ranks in the national context in both deciles and percentiles , and a state-level calculation shows the ADI ranks for each CBG calibrated within the state. We used CBG population estimates available from the U. Census American Community Survey. The data for the current ADI measure are based on through American Community Survey data and are a composite that incorporate the measures listed below.
A complex statistical weighting scheme is used to develop the composite. Income and educational attainment are weighted more heavily in the composite, while social and housing measures are weighted slightly less.
The analyses conducted in this report of the relationships between life expectancy and income and other factors should not be interpreted as causal. Also, while robust reliability tests were conducted as part of the USALEEP project, it is possible that some census tracts, particularly with smaller sample sizes, have less reliable life expectancy estimates. By NYSHealth. Funding Area Other. Date October 22, Share Twitter. Between and , life expectancy increased significantly throughout the United States.
This was especially the case in New York State, where life expectancy increased from Key Takeaways: There is nearly a year difference in life expectancy between the census tracts in New York State with the shortest and longest life expectancies, just a few miles apart in New York City. There is also extensive variation in life expectancy across census tracts within counties.
Even in counties with low average life expectancy, census tracts within them sometimes have some of the highest life expectancies in the State. In Bronx County, which has the second-lowest county life expectancy in the State, more than 70 census tracts have life expectancies longer than the population-weighted statewide average.
Many factors, including income, socioeconomic status, race, and education, are associated with life expectancy. Although income and other socioeconomic status factors are strongly associated with life expectancy, there are important exceptions.
Not all communities with low incomes or socioeconomic status have low life expectancies. Some communities may be benefiting from external influences that spill over from more affluent nearby census tracts. Factors beyond income and socioeconomic status—such as individual health behaviors and immigration status—may also play important roles in life expectancy. Life Expectancy Variation by Census Tract There is Wide Variation in Life Expectancy across Communities in New York State The census tracts in Figure 1 are categorized into five quintiles based on the statewide distribution of life expectancy estimates by census tract.
Figure 1. Table 1. Executive Summary Life expectancy is an important indicator of the quality of life and overall health of a community. New York City Health Profiles. Accessed February 7, May 29, Bloomberg News. May 22, These N. New York Times. JAMA network open, 3 7 , ee Figure 2. Table 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. The Relationship Between Life Expectancy and Education Communities with Longer Life Expectancies Are Associated with a Greater Proportion of College Graduates Consistent with the notion that more education is associated with longer life expectancies, census tracts with the longest life expectancy estimates include a greater proportion of New Yorkers who have graduated college Figure 6.
Figure 6. A Deeper Look at the Bronx Given the wide variation of life expectancies even across census tracts that are within a short distance of each other, factors aside from socioeconomic status and demographics may play an important role in determining longevity.
Figure 7. Life Expectancy in the Bronx by Census Tract. More than Just Socioeconomic Factors Census tracts Exploring geographic variation in US mortality rates using a spatial Durbin approach. Population, space and place, 21 1 , 18— A Closer Look at the Bronx Given the wide variation of life expectancies even across census tracts that are within a short distance of each other, factors aside from socioeconomic status and demographics may play an important role in determining longevity.
Covid Data. The data are available at: National Center for Health Statistics. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2 Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Limitations The analyses conducted in this report of the relationships between life expectancy and income and other factors should not be interpreted as causal.
Annals of Internal Medicine, 11 , — Prev Next. Census tract boundaries generally follow visible and identifiable features. They may follow legal boundaries such as minor civil division MCD or incorporated place boundaries in some States and situations to allow for census tract-to-governmental unit relationships where the governmental boundaries tend to remain unchanged between censuses. State and county boundaries always are census tract boundaries in the standard census geographic hierarchy.
In a few rare instances, a census tract may consist of noncontiguous areas. These noncontiguous areas may occur where the census tracts are coextensive with all or parts of legal entities that are themselves noncontiguous.
Should be used for most mapping projects--this is our most comprehensive Didn't find what you're looking for? Suggest a dataset here. Home US Census Bureau, Metadata Updated: January 15, License: No license information was provided. If this work was prepared by an officer or employee of the United States government as part of that person's official duties it is considered a U.
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